Gabatarwa ta USB 4
USB4 tsarin USB ne da aka ƙayyade a cikin ƙayyadaddun bayanai na USB4. Dandalin Masu Haɓaka USB ya fitar da sigar 1.0 ɗinsa a ranar 29 ga Agusta, 2019. Cikakken sunan USB4 shine Universal Serial Bus Generation 4. Ya dogara ne akan fasahar watsa bayanai "Thunderbolt 3" wanda Intel da Apple suka haɓaka tare. Saurin watsa bayanai na USB4 zai iya kaiwa har zuwa 40 Gbps, wanda ya ninka saurin da aka saki na USB 3.2 (Gen2×2).
Sabanin ƙa'idodin yarjejeniyar USB na baya, USB4 yana buƙatar mahaɗin USB-C kuma yana buƙatar tallafin USB PD don samar da wutar lantarki. Idan aka kwatanta da USB 3.2, yana ba da damar ƙirƙirar ramukan DisplayPort da PCI Express. Wannan tsarin yana bayyana hanyar raba hanyar haɗi mai sauri guda ɗaya tare da nau'ikan na'urori masu tashoshi da yawa, wanda zai iya sarrafa watsa bayanai ta hanyar nau'in da aikace-aikacen. Samfuran USB4 dole ne su goyi bayan isar da bayanai na 20 Gbit/s kuma suna iya tallafawa isar da bayanai na 40 Gbit/s. Duk da haka, saboda watsa bayanai na rami, lokacin aika bayanai gauraye, koda kuwa an watsa bayanai a cikin ƙimar 20 Gbit/s, ainihin ƙimar watsa bayanai na iya zama mafi girma fiye da na USB 3.2 (USB 3.1 Gen 2).
An raba USB4 zuwa nau'i biyu: 20Gbps da 40Gbps. Na'urorin da ke da hanyar sadarwa ta USB4 da ake samu a kasuwa na iya bayar da ko dai saurin 40Gbps na Thunderbolt 3 ko kuma rage sigar 20Gbps. Idan kuna son siyan na'ura mai saurin watsawa mafi girma, wato, 40Gbps, ya fi kyau a duba takamaiman bayanai kafin yin siyan. Ga yanayin da ke buƙatar watsawa mai sauri, zaɓar USB 3.1 C TO C mai dacewa yana da mahimmanci domin shine babban mai ɗaukar kaya don cimma ƙimar 40Gbps.
Mutane da yawa sun ruɗe game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin USB4 da Thunderbolt 4. A zahiri, duka Thunderbolt 4 da USB4 an gina su ne bisa ga ƙa'idar Thunderbolt 3. Suna haɗaka juna kuma suna dacewa. Haɗin gwiwar duk Type-C ne, kuma matsakaicin gudu shine 40 Gbps ga duka biyun.
Da farko dai, kebul na USB4 da muke magana a kai shine mizanin watsawa na USB, wanda shine takamaiman tsari wanda ya shafi aiki da ingancin watsawa na USB. Ana iya fahimtar USB4 a matsayin "ƙarni na huɗu" na wannan ƙayyadaddun.
Kamfanoni da yawa sun gabatar da kuma haɓaka yarjejeniyar watsawa ta USB tare da kamfanoni da yawa ciki har da Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC, da Nortel a cikin 1994. An sake shi a matsayin sigar USB V0.7 a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1994. Daga baya, waɗannan kamfanonin sun kafa wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta don tallata da tallafawa USB a cikin 1995, mai suna USB Implementers Forum, wanda shine sanannen USB-IF, kuma USB-IF yanzu shine ƙungiyar daidaitawa ta USB.
A shekarar 1996, USB-IF ya gabatar da takamaiman bayanai game da USB1.0 a hukumance. Duk da haka, saurin watsawa na USB1.0 shine 1.5 Mbps kawai, matsakaicin wutar lantarki shine 5V/500mA, kuma a wancan lokacin, akwai ƙarancin na'urori na gefe waɗanda ke tallafawa USB, don haka masana'antun motherboard ba sa tsara hanyoyin haɗin USB kai tsaye akan motherboard.
▲USB 1.0
A watan Satumba na shekarar 1998, USB-IF ta fitar da takamaiman bayanai na USB 1.1. An ƙara yawan watsawa zuwa 12 Mbps a wannan karon, kuma an gyara wasu bayanai na fasaha a cikin USB 1.0. Matsakaicin wutar fitarwa ya kasance 5V/500mA.
A watan Afrilun 2000, an gabatar da ma'aunin USB 2.0, tare da saurin watsawa na 480 Mbps, wanda shine 60MB/s. Ya ninka na USB 1.1 sau 40. Matsakaicin wutar lantarki shine 5V/500mA, kuma yana ɗaukar ƙirar fil 4. Har yanzu ana amfani da USB 2.0 har zuwa yau kuma ana iya cewa shine ma'aunin USB mafi daɗewa.
Tun daga USB 2.0, USB-IF sun nuna "basirarsu ta musamman" wajen sake suna.
A watan Yunin 2003, USB-IF ya sake suna ga takamaiman bayanai da ƙa'idodin USB, inda ya canza USB 1.0 zuwa sigar ƙarancin sauri ta USB 2.0, USB 1.1 zuwa sigar cikakken sauri ta USB 2.0, da kuma USB 2.0 zuwa sigar babban sauri ta USB 2.0.
Duk da haka, wannan canjin bai yi wani tasiri ba a kan halin da ake ciki a wannan lokacin, saboda USB 1.0 da 1.1 sun bar matakin tarihi.
A watan Nuwamba na 2008, ƙungiyar masu tallata USB 3.0, wacce ta ƙunshi manyan kamfanoni kamar Intel, Microsoft, HP, Texas Instruments, NEC, da ST-NXP, sun kammala ma'aunin USB 3.0 kuma suka fitar da shi a bainar jama'a. Sunan da aka bayar a hukumance shine "SuperSpeed". Ƙungiyar masu tallata USB ita ce ke da alhakin haɓakawa da tsara ƙa'idodin jerin USB, kuma daga ƙarshe za a miƙa ƙa'idodin ga USB-IF don gudanarwa.
Matsakaicin saurin watsawa na USB 3.0 ya kai 5.0 Gbps, wanda shine 640MB/s. Matsakaicin ƙarfin fitarwa shine 5V/900mA. Yana dacewa da 2.0 gaba ɗaya kuma yana goyan bayan watsa bayanai na cikakken duplex (watau, yana iya karɓa da aika bayanai a lokaci guda, yayin da USB 2.0 rabin duplex ne), da kuma samun ingantattun damar sarrafa wutar lantarki da sauran fasaloli.
USB 3.0 ya ɗauki tsarin fil 9. Filayen farko guda 4 iri ɗaya ne da na USB 2.0, yayin da sauran fil 5 an tsara su musamman don USB 3.0. Saboda haka, zaku iya tantance ko USB 2.0 ne ko USB 3.0 ta hanyar fil.
A watan Yulin 2013, an saki USB 3.1, tare da saurin watsawa na 10 Gbps (1280 MB/s), yana da'awar SuperSpeed+, kuma an ƙara matsakaicin ƙarfin wutar lantarki da aka yarda da shi zuwa 20V/5A, wanda shine 100W.
Haɓaka USB 3.1 idan aka kwatanta da USB 3.0 shi ma a bayyane yake. Duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba, USB-IF ya sake wa USB 3.0 suna zuwa USB 3.1 Gen1, sannan USB 3.1 ya zama USB 3.1 Gen2.
Wannan canjin suna ya haifar da matsala ga masu amfani da shi saboda yawancin 'yan kasuwa marasa gaskiya sun sanya samfura a matsayin masu tallafawa USB 3.1 a cikin marufi ba tare da nuna ko Gen1 ne ko Gen2 ba. A zahiri, aikin watsawa na biyu ya bambanta sosai, kuma masu amfani da shi na iya faɗawa tarko ba zato ba tsammani. Saboda haka, wannan canjin suna mummunan mataki ne ga yawancin masu amfani.
A watan Satumba na 2017, an saki USB 3.2. A ƙarƙashin USB Type-C, yana tallafawa tashoshi biyu na Gbps 10 don watsa bayanai, tare da saurin har zuwa 20 Gb/s (2500 MB/s), kuma matsakaicin wutar lantarki har yanzu shine 20V/5A. Wasu fannoni suna da ƙananan ci gaba.
▲Tsarin canza sunan USB
Duk da haka, a shekarar 2019, USB-IF ta sake yin wani canjin suna. Sun sake wa USB 3.1 Gen1 (wanda shine ainihin USB 3.0) suna zuwa USB 3.2 Gen1, USB 3.1 Gen2 (wanda shine ainihin USB 3.1) suna zuwa USB 3.2 Gen2, da kuma USB 3.2 suna zuwa USB 3.2 Gen 2×2.
Yanzu da Nan Gaba: Tsawaita Gaban USB4
Yanzu da muka isa ga USB4, bari mu dubi haɓakawa da haɓakawa na wannan sabon ƙa'idar yarjejeniya. Da farko, tunda haɓakawa ce ta tsararraki daban-daban daga "3″ zuwa "4″," dole ne ci gaban ya zama mai mahimmanci.
Dangane da duk bayanan da muka tattara, an taƙaita sabbin fasalulluka na USB4 kamar haka:
1. Matsakaicin saurin watsawa na 40 Gbps:
Ta hanyar watsa tashoshi biyu, matsakaicin saurin watsawa na ka'idar USB4 yakamata ya isa 40 Gbps, wanda yayi daidai da na Thunderbolt 3 (wanda aka sani da "Thunderbolt 3" a ƙasa).
A zahiri, USB4 zai sami saurin watsawa guda uku: 10 Gbps, 20 Gbps, da 40 Gbps. Don haka idan kuna son siyan na'ura mai mafi girman saurin watsawa, wato, 40 Gbps, ya kamata ku duba takamaiman bayanai kafin siyan.
2. Mai jituwa da hanyoyin sadarwa na Thunderbolt 3:
Wasu na'urorin USB4 (ba duka ba) suma suna iya dacewa da hanyoyin haɗin Thunderbolt 3. Wato, idan na'urarka tana da hanyar haɗin USB4, yana iya yiwuwa a haɗa na'urar Thunderbolt 3 a waje. Duk da haka, wannan ba dole ba ne. Ko ta dace ko a'a ya dogara ne da yanayin masana'antar na'urar.
3. Ƙarfin rarraba albarkatun bandwidth mai ƙarfi:
Idan kana amfani da tashar USB4 yayin da kake amfani da ita don haɗa nuni da canja wurin bayanai, tashar za ta ware bandwidth ɗin da ya dace gwargwadon yanayin. Misali, idan bidiyon yana buƙatar kashi 20% kawai na bandwidth don tuƙi nunin 1080p, to sauran kashi 80% na bandwidth ɗin za a iya amfani da su don wasu ayyuka. Wannan ba zai yiwu ba a cikin USB 3.2 da zamanin da suka gabata. Kafin hakan, yanayin aikin USB ɗin zai ɗauki juyi.
4. Na'urorin USB4 duk za su goyi bayan USB PD
USB PD shine Isar da Wutar Lantarki ta USB (watsa wutar lantarki ta USB), wanda shine ɗayan manyan ka'idojin caji mai sauri na yanzu. Ƙungiyar USB-IF ce ta tsara shi. Wannan ƙayyadaddun bayanai na iya cimma ƙarfin lantarki da kwararar lantarki mafi girma, tare da matsakaicin watsa wutar lantarki har zuwa 100W, kuma ana iya canza alkiblar watsa wutar lantarki cikin 'yanci.
Bisa ga ƙa'idodin USB-IF, daidaitaccen nau'in haɗin caji na USB PD na yanzu ya kamata ya zama USB Type-C. A cikin haɗin kebul na USB Type-C, akwai fil guda biyu, CC1 da CC2, waɗanda ake amfani da su don tashoshin daidaitawar sadarwa na PD.
5. Ana iya amfani da hanyar haɗin USB Type-C kawai
Tare da fasalin da ke sama, abu ne na halitta cewa za mu iya sanin cewa USB4 zai iya aiki ne kawai ta hanyar haɗin USB Type-C. A gaskiya ma, ba kawai USB PD ba, har ma a cikin wasu sabbin ƙa'idodin USB-IF, yana aiki ne kawai ga Type-C.
6. Zai iya dacewa da tsarin da ya gabata
Ana iya amfani da USB4 tare da na'urorin USB 3 da USB 2 da tashoshin jiragen ruwa. Wato, yana iya dacewa da ƙa'idodin yarjejeniya na baya. Duk da haka, ba a tallafawa USB 1.0 da 1.1 ba. A halin yanzu, hanyoyin sadarwa da ke amfani da wannan yarjejeniya sun kusan ɓacewa daga kasuwa.
Hakika, lokacin haɗa na'urar USB4 zuwa tashar USB 3.2, ba zai iya watsawa da sauri na 40 Gbps ba. Kuma tsohon tsarin haɗin USB 2 ba zai yi sauri ba kawai saboda an haɗa shi da hanyar haɗin USB4.
Lokacin Saƙo: Yuli-21-2025
